The latest “Issues and Opportunities in Out-of-School Time Evaluation” research brief from Harvard Family Research Project draws on seminal research and evaluation studies to address two primary questions: (a) Does participation in after school programs make a difference, and, if so (b) what conditions appear to be necessary to achieve positive results? The 12-page brief concludes with a set of questions to spur conversation about the evolving role of after school in efforts to expand opportunities for children and youth.